Planck intermediate results. XXXIX. The Planck list of high-redshift source candidates
P. A. R. Ade
,
N. Aghanim
,
M. Arnaud
,
J. Aumont
,
C. Baccigalupi
,
A. J. Banday
,
R. B. Barreiro
,
N. Bartolo
,
E. Battaner
,
K. Benabed
,
A. Benoit-Lévy
,
J. Bernard
,
M. Bersanelli
,
P. Bielewicz
,
A. Bonaldi
,
L. Bonavera
,
J. R. Bond
,
J. Borrill
,
F. R. Bouchet
,
F. Boulanger
,
C. Burigana
,
R. C. Butler
,
E. Calabrese
,
A. Catalano
(1)
,
H. C. Chiang
,
P. R. Christensen
,
D. L. Clements
,
L. P. L. Colombo
,
F. Couchot
(2)
,
A. Coulais
,
B. P. Crill
,
A. Curto
,
F. Cuttaia
,
L. Danese
,
R. D. Davies
,
R. J. Davis
,
P. de Bernardis
,
A. de Rosa
,
G. de Zotti
,
J. Delabrouille
,
C. Dickinson
,
J. M. Diego
,
H. Dole
,
O. Doré
,
M. Douspis
,
A. Ducout
,
X. Dupac
,
F. Elsner
,
T. A. Ensslin
,
H. K. Eriksen
,
E. Falgarone
,
F. Finelli
,
I. Flores-Cacho
,
M. Frailis
,
A. A. Fraisse
,
E. Franceschi
,
S. Galeotta
,
S. Galli
,
K. Ganga
,
M. Giard
,
Y. Giraud-Héraud
,
E. Gjerløw
,
J. González-Nuevo
,
K. M. Górski
,
A. Gregorio
,
A. Gruppuso
,
J. E. Gudmundsson
,
F. K. Hansen
,
D. L. Harrison
,
G. Helou
,
C. Hernández-Monteagudo
,
D. Herranz
,
S. R. Hildebrandt
,
E. Hivon
,
M. Hobson
,
A. Hornstrup
,
W. Hovest
,
K. M. Huffenberger
,
G. Hurier
,
A. H. Jaffe
,
T. R. Jaffe
,
E. Keihänen
,
R. Keskitalo
,
T. S. Kisner
,
J. Knoche
,
M. Kunz
,
H. Kurki-Suonio
,
Guilaine Lagache
(3)
,
J. -M. Lamarre
,
A. Lasenby
,
M. Lattanzi
,
C. R. Lawrence
,
R. Leonardi
,
F. Levrier
,
P. B. Lilje
,
M. Linden-Vørnle
,
M. López-Caniego
,
P. M. Lubin
,
J.F. Macías-Pérez
(1)
,
B. Maffei
,
G. Maggio
,
D. Maino
,
N. Mandolesi
,
A. Mangilli
,
M. Maris
,
P. G. Martin
,
E. Martínez-González
,
S. Masi
,
S. Matarrese
,
A. Melchiorri
,
A. Mennella
,
M. Migliaccio
,
Subhabrata Mitra
,
M. -A. Miville-Deschênes
,
A. Moneti
,
L. Montier
,
G. Morgante
,
D. Mortlock
,
D. Munshi
,
J. A. Murphy
,
F. Nati
,
P. Natoli
,
N. P. H. Nesvadba
,
F. Noviello
,
D. Novikov
,
I. Novikov
,
C. A. Oxborrow
,
L. Pagano
,
F. Pajot
,
D. Paoletti
,
B. Partridge
,
F. Pasian
,
T. J. Pearson
,
O. Perdereau
(2)
,
L. Perotto
(1)
,
V. Pettorino
,
F. Piacentini
,
M. Piat
,
Stéphane Plaszczynski
(2)
,
E. Pointecouteau
,
G. Polenta
,
G. W. Pratt
,
S. Prunet
,
J. -L. Puget
,
J. P. Rachen
,
M. Reinecke
,
M. Remazeilles
,
C. Renault
(1)
,
A. Renzi
,
I. Ristorcelli
,
G. Rocha
,
C. Rosset
,
M. Rossetti
,
G. Roudier
,
J. A. Rubiño-Martín
,
B. Rusholme
,
M. Sandri
,
D. Santos
(1)
,
M. Savelainen
,
G. Savini
,
D. Scott
,
L. D. Spencer
,
V. Stolyarov
,
Radek Stompor
,
R. Sudiwala
,
R. Sunyaev
,
A. -S. Suur-Uski
,
J. -F. Sygnet
,
J. A. Tauber
,
L. Terenzi
,
L. Toffolatti
,
M. Tomasi
,
M. Tristram
(2)
,
M. Tucci
(2)
,
M. Türler
,
G. Umana
,
L. Valenziano
,
J. Valiviita
,
B. van Tent
,
P. Vielva
,
Francesca Villa
,
L. A. Wade
,
B. D. Wandelt
,
I. K. Wehus
,
N. Welikala
,
D. Yvon
,
A. Zacchei
,
A. Zonca
P. A. R. Ade
- Function : Author
N. Aghanim
- Function : Author
M. Arnaud
- Function : Author
J. Aumont
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C. Baccigalupi
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A. J. Banday
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R. B. Barreiro
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N. Bartolo
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E. Battaner
- Function : Author
K. Benabed
- Function : Author
A. Benoit-Lévy
- Function : Author
J. Bernard
- Function : Author
M. Bersanelli
- Function : Author
P. Bielewicz
- Function : Author
A. Bonaldi
- Function : Author
L. Bonavera
- Function : Author
J. R. Bond
- Function : Author
J. Borrill
- Function : Author
F. R. Bouchet
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 180816
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F. Boulanger
- Function : Author
C. Burigana
- Function : Author
R. C. Butler
- Function : Author
E. Calabrese
- Function : Author
A. Catalano
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1341272
- IdHAL : andreacatalano
H. C. Chiang
- Function : Author
P. R. Christensen
- Function : Author
D. L. Clements
- Function : Author
L. P. L. Colombo
- Function : Author
F. Couchot
- Function : Author
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A. Coulais
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1176660
- IdHAL : alain-coulais
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6492-7719
B. P. Crill
- Function : Author
A. Curto
- Function : Author
F. Cuttaia
- Function : Author
L. Danese
- Function : Author
R. D. Davies
- Function : Author
R. J. Davis
- Function : Author
P. de Bernardis
- Function : Author
A. de Rosa
- Function : Author
G. de Zotti
- Function : Author
J. Delabrouille
- Function : Author
C. Dickinson
- Function : Author
J. M. Diego
- Function : Author
H. Dole
- Function : Author
O. Doré
- Function : Author
M. Douspis
- Function : Author
A. Ducout
- Function : Author
X. Dupac
- Function : Author
F. Elsner
- Function : Author
T. A. Ensslin
- Function : Author
H. K. Eriksen
- Function : Author
E. Falgarone
- Function : Author
F. Finelli
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755277
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9160-4840
I. Flores-Cacho
- Function : Author
M. Frailis
- Function : Author
A. A. Fraisse
- Function : Author
E. Franceschi
- Function : Author
S. Galeotta
- Function : Author
S. Galli
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 742294
- IdHAL : silvia-galli
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1399-5057
- IdRef : 156966123
K. Ganga
- Function : Author
M. Giard
- Function : Author
Y. Giraud-Héraud
- Function : Author
E. Gjerløw
- Function : Author
J. González-Nuevo
- Function : Author
K. M. Górski
- Function : Author
A. Gregorio
- Function : Author
A. Gruppuso
- Function : Author
J. E. Gudmundsson
- Function : Author
F. K. Hansen
- Function : Author
D. L. Harrison
- Function : Author
G. Helou
- Function : Author
C. Hernández-Monteagudo
- Function : Author
D. Herranz
- Function : Author
S. R. Hildebrandt
- Function : Author
E. Hivon
- Function : Author
M. Hobson
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 763361
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5945-7975
A. Hornstrup
- Function : Author
W. Hovest
- Function : Author
K. M. Huffenberger
- Function : Author
G. Hurier
- Function : Author
A. H. Jaffe
- Function : Author
T. R. Jaffe
- Function : Author
E. Keihänen
- Function : Author
R. Keskitalo
- Function : Author
T. S. Kisner
- Function : Author
J. Knoche
- Function : Author
M. Kunz
- Function : Author
H. Kurki-Suonio
- Function : Author
Guilaine Lagache
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 21058
- IdHAL : guilaine-lagache
J. -M. Lamarre
- Function : Author
A. Lasenby
- Function : Author
M. Lattanzi
- Function : Author
C. R. Lawrence
- Function : Author
R. Leonardi
- Function : Author
F. Levrier
- Function : Author
P. B. Lilje
- Function : Author
M. Linden-Vørnle
- Function : Author
M. López-Caniego
- Function : Author
P. M. Lubin
- Function : Author
J.F. Macías-Pérez
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 830870
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B. Maffei
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1360237
- IdHAL : bruno-maffei
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2214-5329
G. Maggio
- Function : Author
D. Maino
- Function : Author
N. Mandolesi
- Function : Author
A. Mangilli
- Function : Author
M. Maris
- Function : Author
P. G. Martin
- Function : Author
E. Martínez-González
- Function : Author
S. Masi
- Function : Author
S. Matarrese
- Function : Author
A. Melchiorri
- Function : Author
A. Mennella
- Function : Author
M. Migliaccio
- Function : Author
Subhabrata Mitra
- Function : Author
M. -A. Miville-Deschênes
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 741816
- IdHAL : marc-antoine-miville-deschenes
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7351-6062
- IdRef : 078115361
A. Moneti
- Function : Author
L. Montier
- Function : Author
G. Morgante
- Function : Author
D. Mortlock
- Function : Author
D. Munshi
- Function : Author
J. A. Murphy
- Function : Author
F. Nati
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755363
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8307-5088
P. Natoli
- Function : Author
N. P. H. Nesvadba
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 742412
- IdHAL : nicole-nesvadba
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5783-6544
- IdRef : 17998120X
F. Noviello
- Function : Author
D. Novikov
- Function : Author
I. Novikov
- Function : Author
C. A. Oxborrow
- Function : Author
L. Pagano
- Function : Author
F. Pajot
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 742082
- IdHAL : francois-pajot
- ORCID : 0009-0009-2877-2954
- IdRef : 13140718X
D. Paoletti
- Function : Author
B. Partridge
- Function : Author
F. Pasian
- Function : Author
T. J. Pearson
- Function : Author
L. Perotto
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 742116
- IdHAL : lperotto
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6937-5052
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V. Pettorino
- Function : Author
F. Piacentini
- Function : Author
M. Piat
- Function : Author
Stéphane Plaszczynski
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 9483
- IdHAL : stephane-plaszczynski
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E. Pointecouteau
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G. Polenta
- Function : Author
G. W. Pratt
- Function : Author
S. Prunet
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 739461
- IdHAL : simon-prunet
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1755-4582
- IdRef : 151240094
J. -L. Puget
- Function : Author
J. P. Rachen
- Function : Author
M. Reinecke
- Function : Author
M. Remazeilles
- Function : Author
A. Renzi
- Function : Author
I. Ristorcelli
- Function : Author
G. Rocha
- Function : Author
C. Rosset
- Function : Author
M. Rossetti
- Function : Author
G. Roudier
- Function : Author
J. A. Rubiño-Martín
- Function : Author
B. Rusholme
- Function : Author
M. Sandri
- Function : Author
M. Savelainen
- Function : Author
G. Savini
- Function : Author
D. Scott
- Function : Author
L. D. Spencer
- Function : Author
V. Stolyarov
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 759973
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5317-0818
Radek Stompor
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 829312
R. Sudiwala
- Function : Author
R. Sunyaev
- Function : Author
A. -S. Suur-Uski
- Function : Author
J. -F. Sygnet
- Function : Author
J. A. Tauber
- Function : Author
L. Terenzi
- Function : Author
L. Toffolatti
- Function : Author
M. Tomasi
- Function : Author
M. Tristram
- Function : Author
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- IdHAL : matthieu-tristram
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M. Türler
- Function : Author
G. Umana
- Function : Author
L. Valenziano
- Function : Author
J. Valiviita
- Function : Author
B. van Tent
- Function : Author
P. Vielva
- Function : Author
Francesca Villa
- Function : Author
L. A. Wade
- Function : Author
B. D. Wandelt
- Function : Author
I. K. Wehus
- Function : Author
N. Welikala
- Function : Author
D. Yvon
- Function : Author
A. Zacchei
- Function : Author
A. Zonca
- Function : Author
Abstract
The Planck mission, thanks to its large frequency range and all-sky coverage, has a unique potential for systematically detecting the brightest, and rarest, submillimetre sources on the sky, including distant objects in the high-redshift Universe traced by their dust emission. A novel method, based on a component-separation procedure using a combination of Planck and IRAS data, has been applied to select the most luminous cold submm sources with spectral energy distributions peaking between 353 and 857GHz at 5' resolution. A total of 2151 Planck high-z source candidates (the PHZ) have been detected in the cleanest 26% of the sky, with flux density at 545GHz above 500mJy. Embedded in the cosmic infrared background close to the confusion limit, these high-z candidates exhibit colder colours than their surroundings, consistent with redshifts z>2, assuming a dust temperature of 35K and a spectral index of 1.5. First follow-up observations obtained from optical to submm have confirmed that this list consists of two distinct populations. A small fraction (around 3%) of the sources have been identified as strongly gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies, which are amongst the brightest submm lensed objects (with flux density at 545GHz ranging from 350mJy up to 1Jy) at redshift 2 to 4. However, the vast majority of the PHZ sources appear as overdensities of dusty star-forming galaxies, having colours consistent with z>2, and may be considered as proto-cluster candidates. The PHZ provides an original sample, complementary to the Planck Sunyaev-Zeldovich Catalogue; by extending the population of the virialized massive galaxy clusters to a population of sources at z>1.5, the PHZ may contain the progenitors of today's clusters. Hence the PHZ opens a new window on the study of the early ages of structure formation, and the understanding of the intensively star-forming phase at high-z.