Cosmic-muon flux and annual modulation in Borexino at 3800 m water-equivalent depth
G. Bellini
,
J. Benziger
,
D. Bick
,
G. Bonfini
,
D. Bravo
,
M. Buizza Avanzini
,
B. Caccianiga
,
L. Cadonati
,
F. Calaprice
,
C. Carraro
,
P. Cavalcante
,
A. Chavarria
,
A. Chepurnov
,
D. d'Angelo
,
S. Davini
,
A. Derbin
,
A. Etenko
,
F. von Feilitzsch
,
K. Fomenko
,
D. Franco
(1)
,
C. Galbiati
,
S. Gazzana
,
C. Ghiano
,
M. Giammarchi
,
M. Goeger-Neff
,
A. Goretti
,
L. Grandi
,
E. Guardincerri
,
C. Hagner
,
S. Hardy
,
Aldo Ianni
,
Andrea Ianni
,
D. Korablev
,
G. Korga
,
Y. Koshio
,
D. Kryn
(1)
,
M. Laubenstein
,
T. Lewke
,
E. Litvinovich
,
B. Loer
,
F. Lombardi
,
P. Lombardi
,
L. Ludhova
,
I. Machulin
,
S. Manecki
,
W. Maneschg
,
G. Manuzio
,
Q. Meindl
,
E. Meroni
,
L. Miramonti
,
M. Misiaszek
,
D. Montanari
,
P. Mosteiro
,
V. Muratova
,
L. Oberauer
,
M. Obolensky
(1)
,
F. Ortica
,
K. Otis
,
M. Pallavicini
,
L. Papp
,
L. Perasso
,
S. Perasso
,
A. Pocar
,
R. S. Raghavan
,
G. Ranucci
,
A. Razeto
,
A. Re
,
A. Romani
,
A. Sabelnikov
,
R. Saldanha
,
C. Salvo
,
S. Schönert
,
H. Simgen
,
M. Skorokhvatov
,
O. Smirnov
,
A. Sotnikov
,
S. Sukhotin
,
Y. Suvorov
,
R. Tartaglia
,
G. Testera
,
D. Vignaud
(1)
,
R. B. Vogelaar
,
J. Winter
,
M. Wojcik
,
A. Wright
,
M. Wurm
,
J. Xu
,
O. Zaimidoroga
,
S. Zavatarelli
,
G. Zuzel
G. Bellini
- Function : Author
J. Benziger
- Function : Author
D. Bick
- Function : Author
G. Bonfini
- Function : Author
D. Bravo
- Function : Author
M. Buizza Avanzini
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1180218
- IdHAL : margherita-buizza-avanzini
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1427-7572
B. Caccianiga
- Function : Author
L. Cadonati
- Function : Author
F. Calaprice
- Function : Author
C. Carraro
- Function : Author
P. Cavalcante
- Function : Author
A. Chavarria
- Function : Author
A. Chepurnov
- Function : Author
D. d'Angelo
- Function : Author
S. Davini
- Function : Author
A. Derbin
- Function : Author
A. Etenko
- Function : Author
F. von Feilitzsch
- Function : Author
K. Fomenko
- Function : Author
D. Franco
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755376
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7790-1224
C. Galbiati
- Function : Author
S. Gazzana
- Function : Author
C. Ghiano
- Function : Author
M. Giammarchi
- Function : Author
M. Goeger-Neff
- Function : Author
A. Goretti
- Function : Author
L. Grandi
- Function : Author
E. Guardincerri
- Function : Author
C. Hagner
- Function : Author
S. Hardy
- Function : Author
Aldo Ianni
- Function : Author
Andrea Ianni
- Function : Author
D. Korablev
- Function : Author
G. Korga
- Function : Author
Y. Koshio
- Function : Author
M. Laubenstein
- Function : Author
T. Lewke
- Function : Author
E. Litvinovich
- Function : Author
B. Loer
- Function : Author
F. Lombardi
- Function : Author
P. Lombardi
- Function : Author
L. Ludhova
- Function : Author
I. Machulin
- Function : Author
S. Manecki
- Function : Author
W. Maneschg
- Function : Author
G. Manuzio
- Function : Author
Q. Meindl
- Function : Author
E. Meroni
- Function : Author
L. Miramonti
- Function : Author
M. Misiaszek
- Function : Author
D. Montanari
- Function : Author
P. Mosteiro
- Function : Author
V. Muratova
- Function : Author
L. Oberauer
- Function : Author
F. Ortica
- Function : Author
K. Otis
- Function : Author
M. Pallavicini
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755306
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7309-3023
- IdRef : 241090474
L. Papp
- Function : Author
L. Perasso
- Function : Author
S. Perasso
- Function : Author
A. Pocar
- Function : Author
R. S. Raghavan
- Function : Author
G. Ranucci
- Function : Author
A. Razeto
- Function : Author
A. Re
- Function : Author
A. Romani
- Function : Author
A. Sabelnikov
- Function : Author
R. Saldanha
- Function : Author
C. Salvo
- Function : Author
S. Schönert
- Function : Author
H. Simgen
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 755331
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3074-0395
M. Skorokhvatov
- Function : Author
O. Smirnov
- Function : Author
A. Sotnikov
- Function : Author
S. Sukhotin
- Function : Author
Y. Suvorov
- Function : Author
R. Tartaglia
- Function : Author
G. Testera
- Function : Author
R. B. Vogelaar
- Function : Author
J. Winter
- Function : Author
M. Wojcik
- Function : Author
A. Wright
- Function : Author
M. Wurm
- Function : Author
J. Xu
- Function : Author
O. Zaimidoroga
- Function : Author
S. Zavatarelli
- Function : Author
G. Zuzel
- Function : Author
Abstract
We have measured the muon flux at the underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory (3800 m w.e.) to be (3.41 \pm 0.01) \times 10-4m-2s-1 using four years of Borexino data. A modulation of this signal is observed with a period of (366\pm3) days and a relative amplitude of (1.29 \pm 0.07)%. The measured phase is (179 \pm 6) days, corresponding to a maximum on the 28th of June. Using the most complete atmospheric data models available, muon rate fluctuations are shown to be positively correlated with atmospheric temperature, with an effective coefficient {\alpha}T = 0.93 \pm 0.04. This result represents the most precise study of the muon flux modulation for this site and is in good agreement with expectations.