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              <p>The hadrontherapy uses light charged particles beams (mainly proton and 12C ions)to irradiate tumors. These beams present a ballistic advantage with a maximum energydeposition at the end of the path (ie Bragg peak). A large dose can be delivered insidea deep tumor while the surrounding healthy tissues are preserved. Concerning the 12Cbeams, an enhanced biological efficiency has been measured. Therefore there is an obviousadvantage in using these beams. The nuclear fragmentation process of 12C projectiles leadsto deposit some dose beyond the Bragg peak and to spread the dose deposition around thebeam direction. The basic knowledge of this process is of crucial importance to computethe dose deposition with an accuracy better than 3%. Additionally the fragments producedby this fragmentation process can be used for a real-time monitoring of the dose depositionin the patient.In this lecture, we will define the quantities and the physical processes relevant for thehadrontherapy. The importance of the knowledge of the fragmentation process and itsinfluence on the dose map will be presented and discussed. In the last part of this lecture,an overview of different instrumental developments (imaging, beam and dose monitoring)and different experimental measurements will be done.</p>
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